1 - Applied Mechanics
2 - Fluid Mechanics
3 - Surveying - 1
[ Applied Mechanics ]
- Introduction:
- Concept of engineering mechanics definition of mechanics, statics, dynamics, application of engineering mechanics in practical fields. Definition of Applied Mechanics.
- Definition, basic quantities and derived quantities of basic units and derived units
- Different systems of units (FPS, CGS, MKS and SI) and their conversion from one to another for density, force, pressure, work, power, velocity, acceleration
- Concept of rigid body, scalar and vector quantities
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Laws of forces
- Definition of force, measurement of force in SI units, its representation, types of force: Point force/concentrated force & Uniformly distributed force, effects of force, characteristics of a force
- Different force systems (coplanar and non-coplanar), principle of transmissibility of forces, law of super-position
- Composition and resolution of coplanar concurrent forces, resultant force, method of composition of forces, laws of forces, triangle law of forces, polygon law of forces - graphically, analytically, resolution of forces, resolving a force into two rectangular components
- Free body diagram
- Equilibrant force and its determination
- Lami's theorem (concept only)
- [Simple problems on above topics]
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Moment
- Concept of moment
- Moment of a force and units of moment
- Varignon's theorem (definition only)
- Principle of moment and its applications (Levers – simple and compound, steel yard, safety valve, reaction at support)
- Parallel forces (like and unlike parallel force), calculating their resultant
- Concept of couple, its properties and effects
- General conditions of equilibrium of bodies under coplanar forces
- Position of resultant force by moment
- [Simple problems on the above topics]
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Friction
- Definition and concept of friction, types of friction, force of friction
- Laws of static friction, coefficient of friction, angle of friction, angle of repose, cone of friction
- Equilibrium of a body lying on a horizontal plane, equilibrium of a body lying on a rough inclined plane.
- Calculation of least force required to maintain equilibrium of a body on a rough inclined plane subjected to a force:
a) Acting along the inclined plane Horizontally
b) At some angle with the inclined plane
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Centre of Gravity
- Concept, definition of centroid of plain figures and centre of gravity of symmetrical solid bodies
- Determination of centroid of plain and composite lamina using moment method only, centroid of bodies with removed portion
- Determination of center of gravity of solid bodies - cone, cylinder, hemisphere and sphere; composite bodies and bodies with portion removed
- [Simple problems on the above topics]
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Simple Machines
- Definition of effort, velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency of - a machine and their relationship, law of machines
- Simple and compound machine (Examples)
- Definition of ideal machine, reversible and self locking machine
- Effort lost in friction, Load lost in friction, determination of maximum mechanical advantage and maximum efficiency
- System of pulleys (first, second, third system of pulleys), determination of velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency
- Working principle and application of wheel and axle, Weston’s Differential Pulley Block , simple screw jack, worm and worm wheel, single and double winch crab. Expression for their velocity ratio and field of their application
- [Simple problems on the above topics]
[ Fluid Mechanics ]
- Introduction:
- Fluids: Real and ideal fluids
- Fluid Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Hydrodynamics, Hydraulics
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Properties of Fluids (definition only)
- Mass density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension - cohesion, adhesion and, capillarity, vapour pressure and compressibility.
- Units of measurement and their conversion
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Hydrostatic Pressure:
- Pressure, intensity of pressure, pressure head, Pascal's law and its applications.
- Total pressure, resultant pressure, and centre of pressure.
- Total pressure and centre of pressure on horizontal, vertical and inclined plane surfaces of rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal shapes and circular. (No derivation)
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Measurement of Pressure:
- Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum pressure and absolute pressure.
- Piezometer, simple manometer and differential manometer, Bourden gauge and dead weight pressure gauge.
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Fundamentals of Fluid Flow:
- Types of Flow: Steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, uniform and non-uniform flow
- Discharge and continuity equation (flow equation) {No derivation}
- Types of hydraulic energy: Potential energy, kinetic energy, pressure energy
- Bernoulli's theorem; statement and description (without proof of theorem)
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Flow Measurements (brief description with simple numerical problems)
- Venturimeter and mouthpiece
- Pitot tube
- Orifice and Orificemeter
- Current meters
- Notches and weirs (simple numerical problems)
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Flow through Pipes:
- Definition of pipe flow; Reynolds number, laminar and turbulent flow - explained through Reynold's experiment
- Critical velocity and velocity distributions in a pipe for laminar flow
- Head loss in pipe lines due to friction, sudden expansion and sudden contraction, entrance, exit, obstruction and change of direction (No derivation of formula)
- Hydraulic gradient line and total energy line
- Flow from one reservoir to another through a long pipe of uniform cross section (simple problems)
- Pipes in series and parallel
- Water hammer phenomenon and its effects (only definition and description)
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Flow through open channels:
- Definition of an open channel, uniform flow and non-uniform flow
- Discharge through channels using
i) Chezy's formula (no derivation)
ii) Manning's formula (no derivation) - Most economical channel sections (no derivation)
i) Rectangular
ii) Trapezoidal - Head loss in open channel due to friction
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Hydraulic Pumps:
- Hydraulic pump, reciprocating pump, centrifugal pumps (No numericals and derivations) (may be demonstrated with the help of working models)
[ Surveying - 1 ]
- Introduction:
- Basic principles of surveying
- Concept and purpose of surveying, measurements-linear and angular, units of measurements
- Instruments used for taking these measurements, classification based on surveying instruments
-
Chain surveying:
- Introduction, advantages and disadvantages
- Direct and indirect ranging offsets and recording of field notes
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Compass surveying:
- Purpose of compass surveying. Use of prismatic compass: Setting and taking observations
- Concept of following with simple numerical problems:
a) Meridian - Magnetic and true
b) Bearing - Magnetic, True and Arbitrary
c) Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
d) Fore and back bearing
e) Magnetic dip and declination - Local attraction - causes, detection, errors and corrections, problems on local attraction, magnetic declination and calculation of included angles in a compass traverse
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Levelling:
- Purpose of levelling, concept of a level surface, horizontal surface, vertical surface, datum, reduced level and bench marks
- Identification of various parts of Dumpy level and use of Dumpy level, Engineer’ level, Auto level: advantages and disadvantages, use of auto level.
- Concepts of line of collimation, axis of the bubble tube, axis of the telescope and vertical axis
- Levelling staff: single piece, folding, invar precision staff, telescopic
- Temporary adjustment and permanent adjustment of dumpy level by two peg method.
- Concept of back sight, foresight, intermediate sight, change point, to determine reduce levels
- Level book and reduction of levels by
a) Height of collimation method and
b) Rise and fall method - Arithmetic checks, problem on reduction of levels, fly levelling, check leveling and profile levelling (L-section and X-section), errors in levelling, permissible limits, reciprocal leveling. Numerical problems.
- Computations of Areas of regular figures and irregular figures. Simpson’s rule: prismatic formula and graphical method use of planimeter for computation of areas, numerical problems
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Plane Table Surveying
- Concept, definition of centroid of plain figures and centre of gravity of symmetrical solid bodies
- Determination of centroid of plain and composite lamina using moment method only, centroid of bodies with removed portion
- Determination of center of gravity of solid bodies - cone, cylinder, hemisphere and sphere; composite bodies and bodies with portion removed
- [Simple problems on the above topics]
-
Simple Machines
- Purpose of plane table surveying, equipment used in plane table survey:
- Setting of a plane table:
(a) Centering
(b) Levelling
(c) Orientation - Methods of plane table surveying
(a) Radiation,
(b) Intersection
(c) Traversing
(d) Resection - Concept of Two point and Three point problems (Concept only)
- Errors in plane table survey and precautions to control them. Testing and adjustment of plane table and alidad